Concepts
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Replication
Learn about Cloud Spanner replication, including replica types and their roles in reads and writes.
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Instances
Learn about Cloud Spanner instances, instance configurations, compute capacity, and the tradeoffs between regional and multi-region instance configurations.
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PostgreSQL interface
Learn about the PostgreSQL interface, which makes Cloud Spanner accessible from the open-source PostgreSQL ecosystem.
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Schema and data model
Learn all about Cloud Spanner's schema and data model.
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Schema design
Learn how to design Cloud Spanner schemas and load data into Cloud Spanner.
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Schema updates
Learn how to update the schema of an existing database.
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Views
Learn how to create and use views.
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Secondary indexes
Learn how to increase query performance by using secondary indexes.
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Data types
Learn about Cloud Spanner's supported data types and their properties.
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Reads
Learn how to read Cloud Spanner data outside the context of read-only and read-write transactions.
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Transactions
Learn about read-write and read-only transactions.
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Partitioned DML
Learn about executing large-scale data updates without running into transaction limits.
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DML best practices
Best practices for writing and executing DML statements.
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Timestamp bounds
Read about timestamp bounds, which tell Cloud Spanner how to choose a timestamp at which to read data.
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Commit timestamps
Learn how to automatically write the commit timestamp of a transaction into a column.
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Foreign keys
Learn about foreign keys and when to use them.
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TrueTime and external consistency
Read about TrueTime's benefits for Cloud Spanner and Cloud Spanner's external consistency property.
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Access control with IAM
Read about the permissions and roles that you can set at the project, Cloud Spanner instance, and Cloud Spanner database levels.
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PGAdapter
Learn about the PGAdapter sidecar proxy that supports the PostgreSQL interface for Cloud Spanner.
Performance tuning
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SQL best practices
Learn best practices for optimizing SQL query performance in Cloud Spanner.
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Query optimizer
Overview of Cloud Spanner's query optimizer.
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Query execution plans
Understand Cloud Spanner query execution plans.
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Efficient data loading
Learn how to efficiently load data into Cloud Spanner.
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CPU utilization metrics
Understand the CPU utilization metrics available in the Cloud Console and Cloud Monitoring.
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Latency metrics
Understand the latency metrics available in the Cloud Console and Cloud Monitoring.
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Cloud Spanner end-to-end latency guide
Understand the high-level components involved in a Cloud Spanner API request, as well as how to extract, capture, and visualize latencies associated with these components to know the source of the latencies.
Introspection Tools
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Overview
Learn about the introspection tools that are available to help you investigate issues with your database.
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Oldest active queries
Which queries are currently active, and have been running longest?
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Query statistics
Which queries are expensive, run frequently or scan a lot of data?
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Read statistics
What reads or read shapes are causing high CPU usage?
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Transaction statistics
What transactions are causing contention or other performance issues?
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Lock statistics
What row key and table columns are the main sources of transaction lock conflicts?
