尼罗河
| 尼羅河 | |
|---|---|
 尼羅河的第三瀑布 | |
 | |
| 國家 | 布隆迪、剛果民主共和國、埃及、厄立特里亞、衣索比亞、肯亞、盧安達、南蘇丹、蘇丹、坦尚尼亞、烏干達[1] |
| 主要城市 | 巴赫達爾、開羅、喀土穆、金賈、朱巴 |
| 流域 | |
| 源頭 | 盧安達魯卡拉拉河[4][a] |
| • 坐标 | 2°19′35″S 29°21′30″E / 2.32639°S 29.35833°E[2] |
| • 海拔 | 2,539米（8,330英尺）[2] |
| 河口 | 地中海 |
| • 坐标 | 30°10′21″N 31°8′24″E / 30.17250°N 31.14000°E |
| • 海拔 | 0米（0英尺） |
| 流域面積 | 2,927,843 km2[3] |
| 本貌 | |
| 長度 | 7,088 km（4,404 mi）[2][b] |
| 流量 | |
| • 地點 | 埃及亞斯文 |
| • 平均流量 | 2,757 m3/sec[7][c] |
尼羅河（英語：Nile）是非洲東北部一條主要向北流的河流，最後注入地中海。尼羅河全長7,088公里（4,404英里），是世界最長的河流[b]，但其水量遠小於其他大型河流，例如亞馬遜河或剛果河。數千年來，尼羅河在非洲的環境、經濟與文化史中扮演核心角色。
尼羅河有兩條主要支流：白尼羅河與青尼羅河。白尼羅河較長，並被視為尼羅河的源頭；但青尼羅河貢獻的水量超過白尼羅河的兩倍。白尼羅河起於維多利亞湖附近，流經烏干達與南蘇丹；青尼羅河則起於衣索比亞的塔納湖附近，從東南方流入蘇丹。兩條河流在蘇丹首都喀土穆會合。此後，尼羅河向北流經努比亞沙漠，抵達埃及首都開羅，最後在亞歷山卓附近注入地中海，並在該處形成大型河口三角洲。
在地質上，尼羅河是一條年輕河流，約15,000年來一直沿著現今河道流動。其流域橫跨十一個國家。尼羅河大部分水量來自上游國家衣索比亞、肯亞、坦尚尼亞與烏干達的降雨。下游國家——埃及、蘇丹與南蘇丹——主要為沙漠，並抽取河水用於灌溉。其他全部或部分位於尼羅河流域的國家包括布隆迪、剛果民主共和國、厄立特里亞與盧安達。
尼羅河是古埃及文明的基礎；古埃及幾乎生活各層面都仰賴這條河流。河流的年度氾濫會在河岸沉積富含養分的淤泥。這種土壤支撐農作物生長，使精密複雜的社會得以在原本不宜居的沙漠中繁榮發展。尼羅河促進了貿易、通訊、運輸與治理。在尼羅河第二瀑布以南（上游）是努比亞，也是古代克爾瑪文化與庫施王國的歷史故地。許多歐洲人對尼羅河深感著迷，他們在19世紀晚期於維多利亞湖周邊的探險，確定了這條河流的源頭。現代居住於尼羅河沿岸的文化群體包括尼羅特人；他們是半遊牧的牧牛者，實行遊牧畜牧，並會因應尼羅河氾濫而季節性地移動牛群。
在現代，尼羅河對埃及與蘇丹的經濟扮演關鍵角色，兩國仰賴尼羅河灌溉廣大的農田。自20世紀晚期以來，尼羅河流域已興建十多座水壩，以供灌溉並發電。這些水壩改變了河流年度氾濫週期，並限制淤泥向下游輸送，導致尼羅河三角洲縮小。部分水壩——例如亞斯文高壩與衣索比亞復興大壩——已成為國際政治爭議的源頭，爭議議題包括水資源短缺、安全、糧食安全與強迫人民遷移。
名稱與詞源
[编辑]英語「Nile」一詞源自拉丁語「Nilus」與古希臘語「Νεῖλος」（Neilos），後者可能源於閃米特語族詞彙「naḥal」，意為「河流」[9]。
在古代埃及語中，同一個詞可同時表示「尼羅河」與「河流」：jtrw[11]。埃及人稱自己的國家為「kmt」，意為「黑色」，指的是尼羅河洪水從上游攜帶沉積物時呈現的深色水色[12]。英語名稱「Blue Nile」則是阿拉伯語名稱 Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq 的譯名[9]。
在現代，尼羅河流域內有數個名稱指稱這條河。在埃及，尼羅河稱為 Al-Nīl、Baḥr Al-Nīl 或 Nahr Al-Nīl。[13] 在南蘇丹，有時會以阿拉伯語 Baḥr el-Jebel（بحر الجبل）稱呼，字面意思為「山河」。[14]在烏干達，盧干達語使用者稱其為 Kiyira。[15]埃及與蘇丹的部分努比亞人則使用諾賓語名稱 Áman Dawū（「大水」）。[16]
數條支流（匯入尼羅河的較小河流）與河段的名稱都包含「尼羅河」，包括：
- 艾伯特尼羅河——白尼羅河自艾伯特湖向北流至尼穆萊的一段[17]
- 黑尼羅河——阿特巴拉河的別名[18]
- 青尼羅河——尼羅河兩大主要支流之一
- 基奧加尼羅河——白尼羅河自基奧加湖至艾伯特湖的一段[19]
- 主尼羅河——青尼羅河與白尼羅河匯流處下游的尼羅河河段[20]
- 山尼羅河——白尼羅河自烏干達山地至南蘇丹平原的一段[21]
- 維多利亞尼羅河——白尼羅河自維多利亞湖至基奧加湖的一段[22]
- 白尼羅河——尼羅河兩大主要支流之一
- 黃尼羅河——霍瓦乾河，一條數千年前乾涸的古代支流遺跡[20]
流域
[编辑]尼羅河流域北接地中海，東邊是紅海山地和埃塞俄比亞高原，在南邊是東非高原，西邊是與乍得盆地和剛果盆地之間不太明確的分水嶺，西北是撒哈拉沙漠。大約3000萬年前，早期尼羅河的源頭位於北緯18度至20度左右，主要源流可能是現在的阿特巴拉河。南面是巨大的内流盆地，包括已經消失的蘇德湖。大約2.5萬年前，維多利亞湖在北部溢出注入蘇德湖，隨著沉積物的長期積累，該湖水位逐漸上漲而向北溢出並乾涸，從而將從維多利亞湖到地中海的水系連接起來，形成了現代的尼羅河水系。[23]
尼羅河的源頭是白尼羅河的源流卡盖拉河，卡盖拉河由源自布隆迪南部的鲁武武河和源自卢旺达西南部的尼亞巴隆哥河汇合而成，卡盖拉河沿盧旺達和坦桑尼亞邊界北流，至乌干达边境折向东注入维多利亚湖，湖水在現已被歐文瀑布大壩取代的歐文瀑布所在地流出維多利亞湖，經過一系列險灘和瀑布後從基奥加湖西流入艾伯特湖，再北流為杰贝勒河，冲积形成了蘇德沼澤，於马拉卡勒附近接纳支流索巴特河后稱白尼羅河，在苏丹喀土穆附近與发源于埃塞俄比亚高原西北部的塔纳湖的青尼罗河會合後始称尼罗河。[24][25]
喀土穆以下的尼罗河流经气候干旱的热带沙漠，由于河床基岩软硬不同，形成一系列的瀑布和峡谷。在接纳阿特巴拉河後流量達到最大。自此往下因降水稀少，蒸发强烈，加上渗漏和灌溉用水，河水流量渐减。在第一瀑布处1971年建有阿斯旺高坝，形成纳赛尔水库。阿斯旺至开罗段切入砂岩和石灰岩地层，沿岸分布狭长的河谷平原，形成埃及的主要农业基地，开罗以下的河口段，河流分岔经拉希德和杜姆亚特两条河道入地中海，形成面積約2.4萬平方公里的尼羅河三角洲。[24]
水文
[编辑]青尼罗河、白尼罗河和阿特巴拉河分别提供尼罗河总流量的58％、28％和14％。洪水期青尼罗河占68％，白尼罗河占10％，阿特巴拉河占22％；枯水期青尼罗河占17％，白尼罗河占83％，阿特巴拉河断流。阿斯旺附近的年均流量为每秒2639立方米。入海年均流量每秒2300立方米，年径流量约725亿立方米。白尼罗河的洪水在四月開始影响南蘇丹，七月衣索比亞的雨水導致青尼羅河暴漲，隨後開始影響埃及，洪水峰值出現在九月中旬，在開羅則延遲到十月，十一月和十二月河水水位迅速下降，從三月到五月，河流的水位處於最低點。[24][23]
利用
[编辑]尼罗河流域是非洲人口最密集、经济最发达的地区之一，尼羅河下游谷地和三角洲是古埃及文明的发祥地，古代埃及人一直利用尼羅河洪水进行灌溉，自十九世紀年代中期以來開始建造常年灌溉系統，通過攔河壩使尼羅河的水位全年保持在足夠高的水平，以供上埃及谷地的常年灌溉，現代埃及96％的人口和大部分工、农业生产集中在尼罗河谷地和三角洲地区。[24][26]
埃及1971年竣工的阿斯旺大壩蓄水量為480億立方米，足以攔截所有洪水供旱季使用。阿斯旺大壩的建設使埃及的耕地面積增加了約728,500公頃，並將約295,400公頃的土地轉為常年灌溉。位于青尼罗河和白尼罗河之间的杰济拉平原是苏丹最重要的农业基地，青尼羅河上的罗赛雷斯大坝和森納大壩為杰济拉平原的一萬多平方公里的農地提供灌溉用水。2011年，埃塞俄比亞開始在距離蘇丹邊界不遠的青尼羅河上修建復興大壩，引發埃及的強烈反對。[25][26]
生態
[编辑]流域内的熱帶雨林分佈於尼羅河與剛果河的分水嶺、部分維多利亞湖區和衣索比亞高原西南部，稀樹草原則覆蓋了衣索比亞高原和維多利亞湖區的大部分地區。蘇丹平原上主要是稀疏的灌木叢、多刺的樹木和開闊的草原，該地區在雨季時是沼澤地，特別是在南蘇丹中部的蘇德沼澤，從喀土穆向北則進入沙漠地帶。[23]
大多數尼羅河魚類都是洄游魚類，許多在洪水季節在埃及河段覓食的魚群因為亞斯文大壩的建造已經減少或消失，分布於下游的尼羅河鱸魚重量可超過175磅，尼羅鱷在尼羅河流域的大部分地區都有發現，但尚未進入上游的湖泊，河馬曾經在整個尼羅河流域中很常見，現在只在蘇德沼澤和南部還有种群棲息。[23]
文化
[编辑]在埃及神话里，尼罗河从南的天国流下来，中间为地，北流到杜亚特。[27]死者会搭乘拉的船，渡过杜亚特的尼罗河，到欧西里斯的法庭接受审理。尼罗河之神为哈比。[28]而蘆葦地本身是沿着尼罗河从底比斯近郊至赫利奥波利斯的冥界。[29]
參考資料
[编辑]註解
[编辑]- ^ 引用错误：没有为名为
sourceNote的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 2.0 2.1 尼羅河長度7,088公里的數值，是根據Liu 2009的研究。該研究以相同方法測量世界各地十條河流：使用衛星影像沿河流中心線測量長度。影像蒐集於1999年至2002年間。[2]所有河流的長度都會隨時間變化，原因包括河道改變、源頭認定更精確、三角洲面積變化，或出現新的測量方法。[5]最長河流的頭銜在一定程度上仍有爭議。[6]認為尼羅河是世界最長河流的來源包括 Liu 2009； Fierro & Nyer 2007，第5.35頁； Talbot & Williams 2009，第39頁； Dumont 2009，第1頁；以及 Sutcliffe 2009，第336頁。
- ^ 亞斯文的流量為2,757 m3/sec（87 km3/yr）。[7]在亞斯文與地中海之間，埃及為灌溉抽取大量河水，使下游流量較低。開羅附近的流量為1,251 m3/sec（40 km3/yr）。[7]三角洲流入地中海的流量僅有150 m3/sec（5 km3/yr）。[8]這些數值是在衣索比亞復興大壩興建前測得。
- ^ 「河流」的其他聖書體寫法見 Faulkner 1964，第33頁 與 Allen 2000，第21,101頁。
引用
[编辑]- ^ Senay 2014，第8640頁，Table 5.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Liu 2009.
- ^ 面積來自Senay 2014，第8640頁，Table 5；百分之十的數值來自Shahin 2002，第272頁。根據Hughes 1992，第97頁，各權威來源對尼羅河流域面積提出不同數值，因為埃及平坦且缺水的沙漠，使北部地區的邊界難以界定。
- ^ 引用错误：没有为名为
SourceCite的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Liu 2009，第81頁.
- ^
- McCoy 2023.
- Liu 2009，第80-81頁.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Senay 2014，第8639頁，Table 4.
- ^ Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin, United Nations，第1頁.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Hurst 2025.
- ^ Gardiner 1964，第43,623頁.
- ^ Allen 2000，第21,101頁.
- ^ Allen 2000，第339, 470頁.
- ^
- Badawi 2003，第717頁.
- Hurst 2025.
- ^ Dumont 2009，第6頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2016，第66頁.
- ^ Murray 1923，第8頁.
- ^
- Dumont 2009，第5,6,40頁.
- Sutcliffe 2009，第338,345頁.
- ^
- Haupt 1926，第305頁.
- Ranjan 2024，第24頁.
- ^ Sutcliffe 2009，第338,345頁.
- ^ 20.0 20.1 Dumont 2009，第4頁.
- ^ Talling 2009，第390頁.
- ^ Dumont 2009，第5頁.
- ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 引用错误：没有为名为
b2的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 引用错误：没有为名为
a1的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 25.0 25.1 The Nile River. Nile Basin Initiative. 2011 [2011-02-01]. （原始内容存档于2010-09-02）.
- ^ 26.0 26.1 Lagassé, P. (编). Nile. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Sixth Edition. New York: Columbia University Press. [2023-06-01]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-01） –通过Infoplease （英语）.
- ^ 草野巧. 地獄事典. 奇幻基地. 2011/01/09: 13. ISBN 9789866275234.
- ^ 草野巧. 地獄事典. 奇幻基地. 2011/01/09: 30. ISBN 9789866275234.
- ^ 草野巧. 圖解天國與地獄. 奇幻基地. 2012/02/01: 22–23. ISBN 9789866275715.
來源
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